Abstract Goat’s milk ice cream made with different fat concentrations was compared with cow’s milk ice cream. DSC curves indicated typical behavior of the high water content system. The thermal properties, the enthalpy of fusion (ΔHm) and the amount of water (wuf) did not vary with the formulations. For goat’s milk ice cream, the viscosity was higher for smaller fat content. Independent of the milk, high fat content promoted greater air incorporation and melting point, indicating a softer and more stable product. Goat’s milk ice cream was highly accepted by the consumer with the term "liked it a lot" on the hedonic scale.

ABSTRACT Cachaça is a typical Brazilian spirit of significant economic and social relevance. The spirit may contain organic and inorganic contaminants that impair its quality, such as ethyl carbamate (EC), which is potentially carcinogenic. The study of factors that cause EC incidence is extremely important to produce cachaça with good physicochemical and sensory quality and for public health reasons. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze and quantify nitrogen (N) in sugarcane juice and correlate it with the EC levels, with copper (Cu) as precursor, in cachaça from stills, produced from the sugar of three different sugarcane varieties (RB857515, RB966928 and RB855453). We used the plantation systems without fertilization and with organic and conventional fertilization. The EC and Cu levels were below the legislation threshold and the N levels were correlated with EC formation in different planting systems.

The volatile compounds present in cachaça can derive from the raw material used in the production of the beverage, from the fermentative process, from distillation or aging. The aim of the research was to evaluate the volatile compounds, in the cachaças from stills produced with different sugarcane varieties, under the organic and conventional managements. The varieties RB867515, RB962869 and RB85553 were cultivated in three distinct ways, planting without fertilization (OUTF); organic planting (ORGN) and conventional planting (CONV). The results showed that for the total esters, higher alcohols and coefficient of congeners present in the cachaça, the varieties and managements are dependent, unlike volatile acidity, total aldehydes, methyl alcohol and furfural. Therefore, the quality, origin and lineage of the sugarcane variety used for the production of cachaça were confirmed to influence the chemical concentrations of the volatile compounds of the beverage, modifying its chemical profile. It is worth reinforcing that none of the volatiles presented concentration above that allowed by the Brazilian legislation.

ABSTRACT: Ethyl carbamate (EC) (NH2COOCH2CH3) is found in cachaça, and its presence in the beverage is conspicuous for its toxicity. Copper, the metal of choice used in the construction of stills, is also considered a beverage contaminant and is often related to the presence of EC in beverages. The study aimed to monitor the quality of cachaça by measuring the presence of copper and EC, and comparing the influences of sugarcane cultivation systems on the concentration of these contaminants. The varieties, RB 867515, RB 962869 and RB 85553, were cultivated under the following management systems: planting without fertilization; organic planting; and conventional planting. For cultivation, a completely randomized design in a factorial scheme of 3 varieties × 3 managements was used as experimental planning, in 4 replications. The concentrations of copper and EC in beverages were evaluated and submitted to univariate analysis of variance (p ≤ 0.05). The organic and conventional systems presented no significant variations in copper content, both of which are recommended for the planting of sugarcane as raw material for cachaça. From amongst the varieties evaluated, RB966928 presented the lowest concentrations of copper for the organic and conventional systems, and was the most recommended for the production of cachaça. To evaluate the EC concentration (μg L–1) in the cachaças produced, all beverages were considered in accordance with national legislation. Significant differences were observed between them, but the conventional and organic systems are favored for deployment in the cultivation of sugarcane as the raw material of cachaça. The same applies to the RB966928, RB867515 and RB855453 varieties.

ABSTRACT This review aims to demonstrate the possible formation of Ethyl carbamate (EC) in different production stages of cachaça. EC is a carcinogen confirmed in animal experiments and possibly carcinogenic to humans. EC incidence below relevant health limits naturally affects many fermented foods and beverages. Concentrations above 1 mg L–1 are often detected in certain spirits derived from cyanogenic plants. In Brazil, cachaça is widely consumed and therefore consumers are at health risk if they drink EC beverages at high concentrations, since the amount of EC in cachaça (sugar cane brandy) constantly exceeds the threshold 0.21 mg L–1, damaging the health of consumers and hindering exportation to North America and Europe. Many studies have reported on EC formation at different stages of the cachaça production process. Most studies refer to EC formation during fermentation and distillation. In fermentation, reaction occurs between ethanol and nitrogen precursors, such as urea (H2NCONH2) and cyanide (CN–) to form EC. In distillation, cupric ions catalyze cyanide conversion from EC; however, in discontinuous distillation, the bottling fraction of cachaça reduced EC concentration. Although this review describes the possible routes of EC formation at different production stages of cachaça, it presents some studies on EC reduction in alcoholic beverages.

A cachaça, produzida a partir da cana-de-açúcar, é considerada uma bebida genuinamente brasileira. A melhoria na qualidade da cachaça contribuiu para maior aceitação no mercado e maior volume de produção e exportação. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se as variedades (RB 867515, RB 966928 e RB 855453) e manejos de cultivos da cana-de-açúcar (sem adubação, orgânico e convencional) influenciam nas características sensoriais da cachaça. Utilizou-se a Análise Descritiva por Ordenação (ADO) e a aceitação. Os resultados mostraram a existência de diferenciação sensorial entre as bebidas de diferentes variedades e manejos. Estes, por sua vez, influenciaram os atributos sensoriais, avaliados por meio da ADO. Na opinião dos avaliadores durante a análise sensorial de aceitação, a cor não foi fator de diferenciação entre as bebidas, o aroma, sabor, corpo e impressão global podem ter influênciado na aceitação das cachaças produzidas a partir das variedades RB 855453 e RB 867515, na modalidade de manejo orgânico.

Cachaça, produced from sugar cane, is considered a genuine Brazilian drink. The improvement in the quality of cachaça contributed to greater acceptance in the market and greater volume of production and export. The objective of this study was to evaluate if the varieties (RB 867515, RB 966928 and RB 855453) and sugar cane crop management (without organic and conventional fertilization) influence the sensorial characteristics of cachaça. Descriptive Analysis by Ordination (ADO) and acceptance were used. The results showed the existence of sensorial differentiation between the drinks of different varieties and managements. These, in turn, influenced the sensory attributes, evaluated through ADO. In the opinion of the evaluators during the sensorial analysis of acceptance, color was not a factor of differentiation among beverages, aroma, flavor, body and overall impression may have influence of the acceptance of cachaças produced from varieties RB 855453 and RB 867515, in the organic management modality.

O óleo do café torrado Brasileiro obtido através de extração com CO2 supercrítico mostrou consideráveis propriedades aromáticas, constituído principalmente por cinco compostos aromáticos: 2-metilpirazina; 2-furfuril álcool, 2,5-dimetilpirazina; γ -butirolactona e 2-furfuril acetato. Análises sensoriais foram usadas para verificar a influência da mistura destas importantes classes de compostos aromáticos de café (pirazinas, furanos e lactonas) e do óleo aromático de café torrado no aroma e sabor de bebidas preparadas com café solúvel instantâneo liofilizado e seco por spray dryer. Na análise da aceitação do aroma, a amostra preparada com café liofilizado sem a mistura de compostos voláteis (amostra 4) não diferiu da amostra de café liofilizados com adição de óleo (amostra 5) nem tão pouco da amostra de café liofilizado com adição da mistura dos cinco voláteis (amostra 3), coincidentemente oriundas do mesmo processo de secagem. Entretanto a amostra 3 não diferiu das amostras preparadas com café seco por spray dryer sem (amostra 1) e com (amostra 2) a mistura de voláteis. Indicando que a adição desta mistura, com relação a este atributo não interfere na aceitação desta bebida. Na avaliação do sabor, as amostras preparadas com café solúvel liofilizado enriquecida com óleo aromático (5) e as amostras com (3) e sem (4) a mistura dos cinco voláteis não diferiram significativamente, entretanto a amostra (4) não diferiu das amostras (1) e (2). Para este atributo, a adição do óleo aromático de café torrado ou da mistura de voláteis nas amostras de café liofilizado fez com que tivessem uma melhor aceitação que aquelas secas por spray dryer (1) e (2). Desta forma, o enriquecimento das bebidas com o óleo aromático de café torrado, ou mesmo com a mistura dos cinco componentes não influenciou a aceitação do consumidor com relação ao aroma, mas exerce influência com relação ao sabor.

The oil obtained from Brazilian roasted coffee by supercritical CO2 extraction shows considerable aromatic properties, mainly composed by five aromatic compounds, 2-methylpyrazine; 2-furfurylalcohol, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine; γ-butyrolactone and 2-furfurylacetate. Sensory analyses were used to verify the influence of a mixture of these important classes of aromatic coffee compounds (pyrazines, furans and lactones) and of the roasted coffee aromatic oil on the coffee aroma and flavour of black instant freeze and spray-dried coffee beverages. In the acceptance evaluation of the aroma, the samples prepared with freeze-dried instant coffee without the mixture of volatile compounds (sample 4) were not significantly different from the freeze-dried instant coffee in which the aromatic coffee oil was added (sample 5) and from the sample prepared with freeze-dried coffee in which the mixture of the five volatile was added (sample 3), coincidentally from the same drying process. Therefore, sample (3) did not differ from samples prepared with spray dried instant coffee without (sample 1) and to which (sample 2) the mixture of volatile was added. Therefore, with respect to this attribute, the addition of this mixture did not interfere in this drink acceptance. Taking into consideration the flavor, samples prepared with freeze-dried instant coffee in which the aromatic coffee oil was added (5) and the samples with (3) and without (4) the mixture of the five volatile was added did not differ significantly, however sample (4) did not differ from samples (1) and (2). Regarding this attribute, the addition of the aromatic oil of roasted coffee or a mixture of volatile in samples of freeze-dried instant coffee had a better acceptance than those dried by spray dryer (1) and (2). Thus, the enrichment of drinks with the aromatic oil of roasted coffee, or even with the mixture of the five components did not influence the consumer acceptance with respect to the aroma, but exerts influence with respect to flavour.

O sabor exótico dos frutos tropicais brasileiros vem contribuindo para o aumento de seu consumo. Ao se considerar a busca por uma alimentação balanceada, por consumidores cada vez mais exigentes, o conhecimento da composição de vitaminas e sais minerais dos frutos que compõe a dieta se faz necessário. Desta forma o presente trabalho vem contribuir com a determinação da concentração de macro (K e Ca) e microelementos (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn e Br) em oito frutos tropicais exóticos brasileiros: abiu (Lucuma caimito Ruiz & Pav.), jenipapo (Genipa americana L.), jambo rosa (rose apple, Eugenia jambos L.), jambo vermelho (Syzygium malaccence L., Merr & Perry), macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata Jacq. Lood. Ex Mart.); mangaba (Hancornia speciosa), pitanga (Brazilian Cherry, Eugenia uniflora L.) e tamarindo (Tamarindus indica L.) através da técnica de fluorescência de raios X por dispersão de energia. Jambo vermelho e macaúba apresentaram altas concentrações de K, 1.558 e 1.725 mg 100 g-1, respectivamente. Por outro lado, as concentrações de Ca foram maiores na macaúba (680 mg 100 g-1) e jenipapo (341 mg 100 g-1). As concentrações em microelementos nestes oitos frutos variaram: de 0,9 a 2,0 mg 100 g-1 para Mn, de 3,9 a 11,4 mg 100 g-1 para o Fe, de 0,6 a 1,5 mg 100 g-1 para o Zn e de 0,3 a 1,3 mg 100 g-1 para o Br. As quantidades destes elementos nos oito frutos analisados foram comparadas com outros frutos tropicais e pode-se constatar que alguns deles podem ser classificados como fontes ricas em minerais.

The exotic flavor of Brazilian tropical fruits led to increased consumption. Consumers awareness regarding balanced diets, makes necessary determining nutritional composition - vitamins and minerals of the fruits ordinarily consumed. This study contributed to the evaluation of macro (K, Ca) and microelements (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and Br) in eight exotic Brazilian tropical fruits: "abiu" (Lucuma caimito Ruiz & Pav.), "jenipapo" (Genipa americana L.), "jambo rosa" (rose apple, Eugenia Jambos L.), "jambo vermelho" (Syzygium malaccence L., Merr & Perry), "macaúba" (Acrocomia aculeata Jacq. Lood. Ex Mart.), "mangaba" (Hancornia speciosa), "pitanga" (Brazilian Cherry, Eugenia uniflora L.), and tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.), using the Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) technique. "jambo vermelho" and "macaúba" presented the highest values of K concentrations, 1,558 and 1,725 mg 100 g-1, respectively. On the other hand, Ca concentrations were highest in "macaúba" (680 mg 100 g-1) and "jenipapo" (341 mg 100 g-1). The microelemental concentrations in these eight fruits ranged from: 0.9 to 2.0 mg 100 g-1 for Mn, 3.9 to 11.4 mg 100 g-1 for Fe, 0.5 to 1.0 mg 100 g-1 for Cu, 0.6 to 1.5 mg 100 g-1 for, Zn and 0.3 to 1.3 mg 100 g-1 for Br. The amounts of macro and microelements in the eight fruits analyzed were compared to other tropical fruits and it was found that some of them could be classified as rich sources for these macro and microelements.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viscosidade, a quantidade de água não congelada (w nc) e a temperatura de transição vítrea da fração maximamente crioconcentrada (Tg') de misturas para sherbet, e a incorporação de ar (IAr) dos sherbets, com diferentes concentrações de goma guar (0,2% a 0,5%) e polpa de mangaba (21,1%, 25,8% e 28,6%). A viscosidade aparente variou de 85,8 a 286,1 cP, aumentando com as concentrações de goma guar e mangaba. As análises térmicas com calorímetro diferencial de varredura mostraram que a w nc variou entre 12% e 20%, diminuindo com o aumento da concentração de polpa. A Tg' variou de -57,65ºC a -53,45ºC e não apresentou diferença entre as amostras. A IAr foi de 20,01% a 40,59%. Sherbets com a mesma concentração de polpa apresentaram valores diferentes desta variável, mas uma relação entre o aumento da quantidade de goma guar e maior IAr foi observada somente para os sherbets com 25,8% de polpa. O estabilizante interfere na viscosidade da mistura e IAr, e a concentração de polpa influencia as propriedades térmicas. O aumento de IAr proporciona melhor maciez ao produto. Maior quantidade de polpa diminui a w nc, assim o produto terá menos água disponível para migrar e formar cristais de gelo maiores durante as oscilações na temperatura, diminuindo a qualidade do produto.

Viscosity, unfrozen water (w nc) and glass transition temperature of the maximally freeze-concentrated material (Tg') of sherbet mixtures and the overrum of the sherbets with different concentrations of guar gum (from 0.2% to 0.5%) and mangaba pulp (21.1%, 25.8% and 28.5%) were evaluated. Apparent viscosity ranged from 85.8 to 286.1 cP, increasing with guar gum concentration and mangaba pulp. Thermal analysis using differential scanning calorimetry of sherbets mixture showed that w nc was from 12% to 20%, decreasing with the increasing of mangaba pulp concentration. The Tg' ranged from -57.65ºC to -53.45ºC and was not different between the samples. The overrum was from 20.1% to 40.59%. Sherbets containing the same pulp concentration presented different values of this variable, however a relationship between the increasing of guar gum concentrations and the air incorporation was observed only for sherbets with 25.8% of mangaba pulp. The stabilizer modified the viscosity of the mixture and overrum and the pulp concentration influenced thermal properties. Higher overrum is better for product smoothness. Higher pulp concentration decreases the w nc so, the product concentrates less water available to form great ices during the changes in the temperature which may cause losses in the product quality.

Dados de equilíbrio de fases a pressões elevadas dos sistemas binários CO2-Limoneno e CO2-Citral e do sistema ternário CO2-Limoneno-Citral foram coletados da literatura e usados na modelagem termodinâmica que emprega a equação de estado de PENG-ROBINSON [1] com: 1) Regra de mistura clássica; 2) Regra de mistura dependente da composição de STRYJEK & VERA [2]. Os parâmetros de interação binária entre CO2-Limoneno e CO2-Citral foram obtidos pelo ajuste dos modelos a dados experimentais, fazendo uso de dois programas computacionais, os quais envolvem a minimização de uma função objetivo, pelo método Simplex de NELDER & MEAD (3), que foi escrita em termos dos desvios relativos entre os pontos experimentais e os calculados pelos modelos. O equilíbrio de fases do sistema ternário foi calculado utilizando-se os parâmetros de interação binária ajustados previamente e considerando parâmetros nulos entre os componentes Limoneno e Citral. A análise dos resultados indica, para as condições supercríticas, que os dois modelos foram capazes de predizer qualitativamente o sistema ternário, fornecendo resultados compatíveis, em ordem de grandeza, com os valores experimentais.

Phase equilibrium data at high pressures for CO2-Limonene and CO2-Citral binary systems and for CO2-Limonene-Citral ternary systems were collected from literature and employed in a thermodynamic modelling that uses the PENG-ROBINSON equation of state with: (1) classical mixture rule; (2) STRYJEK & VERA composition dependant mixture rule. The binary interaction parameters for the CO2-Limonene and CO2-Citral systems were obtained by fitting the models to the experimental data using two computational programmes that involved the minimisation of an objective function by the simplex method as suggested by NELDER & MEAD, written as a function of the deviation between experimental and calculated data. The phase equilibrium for the ternary systems was calculated using the previously fitted binary interaction parameters fitting, disregarding those parameters relative to Limonene and Citral. The results showed that, under supercritical conditions, the two models employed in the present work were capable of qualitatively predicting the phase equilibrium for the ternary systems.